Aplicación de Seis Sigma en el Laboratorio Clínico / Six Sigma Application in the Clinical Laboratory

Seis Sigma es un método de mejora de procesos que se focaliza en disminuir la variabilidad de los mismos. El enfoque más común es contar los defectos, determinar el porcentaje, convertirlos a una tasa de defectos por millón y luego usar una tabla para buscar la métrica sigma apropiada. El segundo enfoque consiste en utilizar la medida de la variación del proceso para estimar la métrica sigma. En el laboratorio clínico se pueden aplicar ambos conceptos según la etapa del laboratorio en la cual se pretenda usar la métrica sigma. Para ambos enfoques un proceso de 6 sigmas es considerado un proceso eficiente, de alta calidad. En este trabajo se planteó para la etapa preanalítica una meta mínima de 4 sigmas. Algunos procesos muestran un buen desempeño con indicadores de calidad con sigmas mayores de 4. Sin embargo, varios de ellos tienen sigmas menores que la meta propuesta demostrando ser los más vulnerables. En Química Clínica y Hematología, la elección del requisito de calidad es el punto clave para armonizar la métrica sigma junto a la estrategia para la obtención del error sistemático y aleatorio. En este trabajo se muestran las diferentes estrategias para relacionar el desempeño basado en el sigma del proceso analítico con las reglas de validación de las corridas analíticas.

Six Sigma is a method for improvement of processes that focuses on reducing their variability. The most common approach is to count the defects, determine the percentage, convert them to a defect rate per million and then use a table to find the appropriate sigma metric. The second approach consists of using the process variation measure to estimate the sigma metric. In the clinical laboratory, both concepts can be applied according to the stage of the laboratory in which the sigma metric is intended to be used. For both approaches, a 6 sigma process is considered an efficient, high quality process. In this work, a minimum goal of 4 sigma was raised for the preanalytical stage. Some processes show good performance with quality indicators with sigma greater than 4. However, several of them have sigma lower than the proposed goal proving to be the most vulnerable. In Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, the choice of the quality requirement is the key point to harmonize the Sigma metric together with the strategy to obtain systematic and random error. This paper shows the different strategies to relate the performance based on the sigma of the analytical process with the validation rules of the analytical runs.

Seis Sigma é um método de melhoria de processos focado na redução da sua variabilidade. A abordagem mais comum é contar os defeitos, determinar a porcentagem, convertê-los numa taxa de defeitos por milhão e, depois disso, usar uma tabela para procurar a métrica sigma apropriada. A segunda abordagem consiste em usar a medida da variação do processo para estimar a métrica sigma. No laboratório clínico, podem ser aplicados os dois conceitos de acordo com a fase do laboratório em que se pretenda usar a métrica sigma. Para ambas as abordagens, um processo de 6-sigmas é considerado um processo eficiente e de alta qualidade. Neste trabalho, uma meta mínima de 4 sigmas foi definida para o estágio pré-analítico. Alguns processos mostram bom desempenho com indicadores de qualidade com sigmas maiores que 4. No entanto, vários deles têm sigmas menores que a meta proposta provando ser os mais vulneráveis. Em Química Clínica e Hematologia, a escolha do requisito de qualidade é o ponto chave para harmonizar a métrica sigma juntamente com a estratégia para obter o erro sistemático e aleatório. Este artigo mostra as diferentes estratégias para relacionar o desempenho baseado no sigma do processo analítico com as regras de validação das execuções analíticas.

Losartan prevents the imbalance between renal dopaminergic and renin angiotensin systems induced by fructose overload. l-Dopa/dopamine index as new potential biomarker of renal dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: The renin angiotensin system (RAS) and the renal dopaminergic system (RDS) act as autocrine and paracrine systems to regulate renal sodium management and inflammation and their alterations have been associated to hypertension and renal damage. Nearly 30-50% of hypertensive patients have insulin resistance (IR), with a strong correlation between hyperinsulinemia and microalbuminuria. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the existence of an imbalance between RAS and RDS associated to IR, hypertension and kidney damage induced by fructose overload (FO), as well as to establish their prevention, by pharmacological inhibition of RAS with losartan. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and studied at 4, 8 and 12 weeks: control group (C4, C8 and C12; tap water to drink); fructose-overloaded group (F4, F8 and F12; 10% w/v fructose solution to drink); losartan-treated control (L) group (L4, L8 and L12; losartan 30 mg/kg/day, in drinking water); and fructose-overloaded plus losartan group (F + L4, F + L8 and F + L12, in fructose solution). RESULTS: FO induced metabolic and hemodynamic alterations as well as an imbalance between RAS and RDS, characterized by increased renal angiotensin II levels and AT1R overexpression, reduced urinary excretion of dopamine, increased excretion of l-dopa (increased l-dopa/dopamine index) and down-regulation of D1R and tubular dopamine transporters OCT-2, OCT-N1 and total OCTNs. This imbalance was accompanied by an overexpression of renal tubular Na+, K+-ATPase, pro-inflammatory (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-ß1 and collagen) markers and by renal damage (microalbuminuria and reduced nephrin expression). Losartan prevented the metabolic and hemodynamic alterations induced by FO from week 4. Increased urinary l-dopa/dopamine index and decreased D1R renal expression associated to FO were also prevented by losartan since week 4. The same pattern was observed for renal expression of OCTs/OCTNs, Na+, K+-ATPase, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers from week 8. The appearance of microalbuminuria and reduced nephrin expression was prevented by losartan at week 12. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide new insight regarding the mechanisms by which a pro-hypertensive and pro-inflammatory system, such as RAS, downregulates another anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory system such as RDS. Additionally, we propose the use of l-dopa/dopamine index as a biochemical marker of renal dysfunction in conditions characterized by sodium retention, IR and/or hypertension, and as a predictor of response to treatment and follow-up of these processes.

New Biochemical Parameters in the Differential Diagnosis of Ascitic Fluids.

BACKGROUND: In the cases of ascitis, it is essential to determine their origin using the parameters obtained by the cytological and biochemical examinations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of different biochemical markers and the number of cells in the differential diagnosis of ascitic fluid (AF). METHODS: One hundred ninety-one cases of AF were studied, who were admitted to the hospital from January 01, 2009 to December 31, 2014. One hundred fifty-two of them were included in the analysis, and the remaining 39 were excluded because they had more than one associated pathology, clotted or hemolyzed. RESULTS: The more frequent etiologies of AF were the cirrhosis (29%), the infections (22%) and the neoplasies (19%). Other pathologies reached 16%. Cutoff > 300 cells/mm3 detected the 78% of exudates. The AF/serum (S) of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (> 0.5), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (> 0.6), proteins (PT) (> 0.5), cholesterol (COL) (> 0.4), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (> 0.5) correctly detected 80%, 78%, 72%, 70% and 70% of the exudates, respectively. CONCLUSION: We proposed the utilization of a new cutoff of cellular counting, major of 300/mm3, since it would allow improving the detection of exudate ascites, without including the transudate ascites. AST AF/serum ratio (AF/S) showed the major usefulness in the differentiation and characterization of AF; LDH, proteins, cholesterol and ALT might be also acceptable in the above mentioned differentiation. The serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) turned out to be a good marker of portal hypertension associated with cirrhotic processes. Creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase (AMI), total bilirubin (TB), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (GLU) did not allow differentiating exudates from transudates.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Stimulates Dopamine Tubular Transport by Organic Cation Transporters: A Novel Mechanism to Enhance Renal Sodium Excretion.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on organic cation transporters (OCTs) expression and activity, and its consequences on dopamine urinary levels, Na+, K+-ATPase activity and renal function. Male Sprague Dawley rats were infused with isotonic saline solution during 120 minutes and randomized in nine different groups: control, pargyline plus tolcapone (P+T), ANP, dopamine (DA), D-22, DA+D-22, ANP+D-22, ANP+DA and ANP+DA+D-22. Renal functional parameters were determined and urinary dopamine concentration was quantified by HPLC. Expression of OCTs and D1-receptor in membrane preparations from renal cortex tissues were determined by western blot and Na+, K+-ATPase activity was determined using in vitro enzyme assay. 3H-DA renal uptake was determined in vitro. Compared to P+T group, ANP and dopamine infusion increased diuresis, urinary sodium and dopamine excretion significantly. These effects were more pronounced in ANP+DA group and reversed by OCTs blockade by D-22, demonstrating that OCTs are implied in ANP stimulated-DA uptake and transport in renal tissues. The activity of Na+, K+-ATPase exhibited a similar fashion when it was measured in the same experimental groups. Although OCTs and D1-receptor protein expression were not modified by ANP, OCTs-dependent-dopamine tubular uptake was increased by ANP through activation of NPR-A receptor and protein kinase G as signaling pathway. This effect was reflected by an increase in urinary dopamine excretion, natriuresis, diuresis and decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity. OCTs represent a novel target that links the activity of ANP and dopamine together in a common mechanism to enhance their natriuretic and diuretic effects.

Microproteínas urinarias en diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos / Urinary microproteins in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients / Microproteínas urinárias em diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos

En pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos se observa la presencia de Microproteínas Urinarias (MU) en el rango 68-25 kDa. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar en distintos estadios de la nefropatía diabética si dicho rango corresponde a un marcador de daño tubular. Se estudiaron 119 orinas espontáneas de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2; se les midió la relación albúmina/creatinina urinaria y la creatinina sérica. Se dividieron en 5 grupos: 71 normoalbuminúricos, 28 microalbuminúricos, 12 macroalbuminúricos, 2 urémicos en pre-diálisis y 6 en hemodiálisis. Las MU se detectaron en geles de poliacrilamida en 2 dimensiones para uso clínico y se analizaron con el programa Image J 1.30v. La identificación de las MU se realizó por “immunoblotting” o por espectrometría de masa MALDI-TOF-TOF. El 66% de los normoalbuminúricos presentaron las siguientes MU: orosomucoide, fragmento de 35 kDa de la cadena pesada H4 del inter alfa I inhibidor de tripsina y Beta Trace, las cuales no reflejaron daño tubular debido a que la concentración de las mismas no se incrementó en los pacientes en hemodiálisis, en comparación con los normoalbuminúricos. Dichas proteínas están vinculadas al endotelio vascular y podrían constituir un marcador urinario vascular-tubular renal de utilidad clínica en patologías sistémicas con riesgo cardiovascular y funcionalidad renal conservada.

Urinary excretion of microproteins (MU) was detected in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients, in the range of 68-25 kDa using SDS-PAGE with silver staining. The purpose of this study was to identify MU in diabetic patients in different grades of diabetic nephropathy, in order to clarify the diagnostic relevance as a marker of renal tubular damage. In the spontaneous urine of 119 type 2 diabetic patients, urinary albumin, urinary creatinine and serum were determined. Five groups were formed: 71 normoalbuminuric, 28 microalbuminuric, 12 macroalbuminuric, 2 in pre-dialysis and 6 in hemodialysis. The MU were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis for clinical use (2D UC) and were identified by immunoblotting or MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry and analyzed using Image J version 1.30v. Of the normoalbuminurics patients studied, 66% excreted the following MU: orosomucoid, 35 kDa fragment of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4) and Beta Trace; but their concentrations did not reflect tubular damage because they exhibited a progressive downregulation. These proteins are involved in vascular endothelium, and they could be a marker of renal tubular-microvascular disease that would be useful in systemic diseases with cardiovascular risk and with preserved renal function.

Em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 “normoalbuminúricos” se observa a presença de microproteínas urinárias (MU) em um intervalo compreendido entre 68 e 25 kDa. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar em distintos estágios da nefropatia diabética se tal intervalo corresponde a um marcador de dano tubular. Foram estudadas 119 amostras de urina espontânea de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2; foi medida a reação albumina/creatinina urinária e a creatinina sérica. Dividiram-se em 5 grupos: 71 normoalbuminúricos, 28 microalbuminúricos, 12 macroalbuminúricos, 2 urêmicos pré-dialise e 6 em hemodiálise. Foram detectadas as MU em géis de poliacrilamida em duas dimensões para o uso clínico e analisadas com o programa Image J versão 1.30v. A identificação das MU foi realizada por “immunoblotting” ou por espectrometria de massa MALDI-TOF-TOF. 66% de normoalbuminúricos apresentaram as seguintes MU: orosomucoide, Fragmento de 35 kDa da cadeia pesada H4 do interalfa inibidor da tripsina e Beta Trace, as quais não mostraram dano tubular devido a que a concentração das mesmas não está aumentada nos pacientes em hemodiálise, em comparação com os normoalbuminúricos. Estas proteínas estão envolvidas com o endotélio vascular e poderiam constituir um marcador urinário vascular-tubular renal de utilidade clínica em patologias sistêmicas com risco cardiovascular e funcionalidade renal conservada.

Microproteínas urinarias en diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos / Urinary microproteins in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients / Microproteínas urinárias em diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos

En pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos se observa la presencia de Microproteínas Urinarias (MU) en el rango 68-25 kDa. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar en distintos estadios de la nefropatía diabética si dicho rango corresponde a un marcador de daño tubular. Se estudiaron 119 orinas espontáneas de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2; se les midió la relación albúmina/creatinina urinaria y la creatinina sérica. Se dividieron en 5 grupos: 71 normoalbuminúricos, 28 microalbuminúricos, 12 macroalbuminúricos, 2 urémicos en pre-diálisis y 6 en hemodiálisis. Las MU se detectaron en geles de poliacrilamida en 2 dimensiones para uso clínico y se analizaron con el programa Image J 1.30v. La identificación de las MU se realizó por “immunoblotting” o por espectrometría de masa MALDI-TOF-TOF. El 66% de los normoalbuminúricos presentaron las siguientes MU: orosomucoide, fragmento de 35 kDa de la cadena pesada H4 del inter alfa I inhibidor de tripsina y Beta Trace, las cuales no reflejaron daño tubular debido a que la concentración de las mismas no se incrementó en los pacientes en hemodiálisis, en comparación con los normoalbuminúricos. Dichas proteínas están vinculadas al endotelio vascular y podrían constituir un marcador urinario vascular-tubular renal de utilidad clínica en patologías sistémicas con riesgo cardiovascular y funcionalidad renal conservada.(AU)

Urinary excretion of microproteins (MU) was detected in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients, in the range of 68-25 kDa using SDS-PAGE with silver staining. The purpose of this study was to identify MU in diabetic patients in different grades of diabetic nephropathy, in order to clarify the diagnostic relevance as a marker of renal tubular damage. In the spontaneous urine of 119 type 2 diabetic patients, urinary albumin, urinary creatinine and serum were determined. Five groups were formed: 71 normoalbuminuric, 28 microalbuminuric, 12 macroalbuminuric, 2 in pre-dialysis and 6 in hemodialysis. The MU were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis for clinical use (2D UC) and were identified by immunoblotting or MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry and analyzed using Image J version 1.30v. Of the normoalbuminurics patients studied, 66% excreted the following MU: orosomucoid, 35 kDa fragment of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4) and Beta Trace; but their concentrations did not reflect tubular damage because they exhibited a progressive downregulation. These proteins are involved in vascular endothelium, and they could be a marker of renal tubular-microvascular disease that would be useful in systemic diseases with cardiovascular risk and with preserved renal function.(AU)

Em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 “normoalbuminúricos” se observa a presenþa de microproteínas urinárias (MU) em um intervalo compreendido entre 68 e 25 kDa. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar em distintos estágios da nefropatia diabética se tal intervalo corresponde a um marcador de dano tubular. Foram estudadas 119 amostras de urina espontÔnea de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2; foi medida a reaþÒo albumina/creatinina urinária e a creatinina sérica. Dividiram-se em 5 grupos: 71 normoalbuminúricos, 28 microalbuminúricos, 12 macroalbuminúricos, 2 urÛmicos pré-dialise e 6 em hemodiálise. Foram detectadas as MU em géis de poliacrilamida em duas dimens§es para o uso clínico e analisadas com o programa Image J versÒo 1.30v. A identificaþÒo das MU foi realizada por “immunoblotting” ou por espectrometria de massa MALDI-TOF-TOF. 66% de normoalbuminúricos apresentaram as seguintes MU: orosomucoide, Fragmento de 35 kDa da cadeia pesada H4 do interalfa inibidor da tripsina e Beta Trace, as quais nÒo mostraram dano tubular devido a que a concentraþÒo das mesmas nÒo está aumentada nos pacientes em hemodiálise, em comparaþÒo com os normoalbuminúricos. Estas proteínas estÒo envolvidas com o endotélio vascular e poderiam constituir um marcador urinário vascular-tubular renal de utilidade clínica em patologias sistÛmicas com risco cardiovascular e funcionalidade renal conservada.(AU)

Role of angiotensin II and oxidative stress on renal aquaporins expression in hypernatremic rats

The aim of this study was to assess whether endogenous Ang II and oxidative stress produced by acute hypertonic sodium overload may regulate the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) in the kidney. Groups of anesthetized male Sprague–Dawley rats were infused with isotonic saline solution (control) or with hypertonic saline solution (Na group, 1 M NaCl), either alone or with losartan (10 mg kg−1) or tempol (0.5 mg min−1 kg−1) during 2 h. Renal function parameters were measured. Groups of unanesthetized animals were injected intraperitoneally with hypertonic saline solution, with or without free access to water intake, Na+W, and Na−W, respectively. The expression of AQP-1, AQP-2, Ang II, eNOS, and NF-kB were evaluated in the kidney by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. AQP-2 distribution was assessed by immunofluorescence. Na group showed increased natriuresis and diuresis, and Ang II and NF-kB expression, but decreased eNOS expression. Losartan or tempol enhanced further the diuresis, and AQP-2 and eNOS expression, as well as decreased Ang II and NF-kB expression. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging revealed labeling of AQP-2 in the apical plasma membrane with less labeling in the intracellular vesicles than the apical membrane in kidney medullary collecting duct principal cells both in C and Na groups. Importantly, our data also show that losartan and tempol induces a predominantly accumulation of AQP-2 in intracellular vesicles. In unanesthetized rats, Na+W group presented increased diuresis, natriuresis, and AQP-2 expression (112 ± 25 vs 64 ± 16; *p < 0.05). Water deprivation increased plasma sodium and diuresis but decreased AQP-2 (46 ± 22 vs 112 ± 25; §p < 0.05) and eNOS expression in the kidney. This study is a novel demonstration that renal endogenous Ang II-oxidative stress, induced in vivo in hypernatremic rats by an acute sodium overload, regulates AQP-2 expression

Role of angiotensin II and oxidative stress on renal aquaporins expression in hypernatremic rats.

The aim of this study was to assess whether endogenous Ang II and oxidative stress produced by acute hypertonic sodium overload may regulate the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) in the kidney. Groups of anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with isotonic saline solution (control) or with hypertonic saline solution (Na group, 1 M NaCl), either alone or with losartan (10 mg kg(-1)) or tempol (0.5 mg min(-1) kg(-1)) during 2 h. Renal function parameters were measured. Groups of unanesthetized animals were injected intraperitoneally with hypertonic saline solution, with or without free access to water intake, Na+W, and Na-W, respectively. The expression of AQP-1, AQP-2, Ang II, eNOS, and NF-kB were evaluated in the kidney by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. AQP-2 distribution was assessed by immunofluorescence. Na group showed increased natriuresis and diuresis, and Ang II and NF-kB expression, but decreased eNOS expression. Losartan or tempol enhanced further the diuresis, and AQP-2 and eNOS expression, as well as decreased Ang II and NF-kB expression. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging revealed labeling of AQP-2 in the apical plasma membrane with less labeling in the intracellular vesicles than the apical membrane in kidney medullary collecting duct principal cells both in C and Na groups. Importantly, our data also show that losartan and tempol induces a predominantly accumulation of AQP-2 in intracellular vesicles. In unanesthetized rats, Na+W group presented increased diuresis, natriuresis, and AQP-2 expression (112 ± 25 vs 64 ± 16; *p < 0.05). Water deprivation increased plasma sodium and diuresis but decreased AQP-2 (46 ± 22 vs 112 ± 25; §p < 0.05) and eNOS expression in the kidney. This study is a novel demonstration that renal endogenous Ang II-oxidative stress, induced in vivo in hypernatremic rats by an acute sodium overload, regulates AQP-2 expression.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factor in overweight and obese children.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight/ obese children and adolescents. METHODOLOGY: The study included 139 healthy white Argentinean children/adolescents (aged 8-14 years) who were overweight (n = 30) or obese (n = 109), based on BMI z score according to WHO, 2007. Children were referred to the Nutrition Clinic, San Martin University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina for evaluation and treatment. Dyslipidemia was considered when one or more serum lipids (mg/dL) were out of range: total cholesterol ≥ 200, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) ≤ 40, triglycerides (TG) > 110, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) > 130 or non-HDL-C > 145 and fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 110. Additional metabolic syndrome risk factors included: increased waist circumference (WC, ≥ 90th percentile) and high blood pressure (> 90th percentile). A history of low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) and a family history of: dyslipidemia (FHDL), premature acute myocardial infarction (FHPAMI) and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (FHT2DM) were also assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among overweight and obese children was 50.4% and its pattern was: hypertriglyceridemia 31.9%, low HDL-C 29.7%, high non-HDL-C 15.8%, hypercholesterolemia 11.9%, and elevated LDL-C 10.7%. The dyslipidemia was more often detected among those with increased WC (55.4%), FHDL (51.1%), and FHT2DM (48%); prevalence was lower in those with FHPAMI (18.7%) and low birth weight (4.3%). Most children presented a variety of metabolic syndrome risk factors; only 25.8% did not have any such alterations identified. BMI z score showed a positive association with TG and negative with HDL-C. Overweight and obesity increased the odds ratios of metabolic syndrome risk factors, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese children were prone to have dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Excess body weight is an important harbinger of health that requires the assessment of multiple parameters to discern further health concerns that may be amenable to specific treatment.

Proteinuria: lesión estructural renal y comparación de métodos / Proteinuria: renal structural injury and comparison of methods / Proteinúria: lesão estrutural renal e comparação de métodos

La proteinuria (PT-ur) es un marcador de enfermedad renal, sin un método de referencia establecido. Mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE) con tinción argéntica pueden identificarse de manera no-invasiva perfiles proteicos urinarios (PPU) de tipo glomerular (G), tubular (Tc: completos, Ti: incompletos) y mixtos (GTc, GTi) con fines diagnósticos/pronósticos y de evolución. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia (P) de los PPU para cada nivel de PT-ur obtenido con cuatro métodos diferentes, en pacientes con sospecha de lesión renal. Se procesaron 105 orinas de 24 h de recolección clasificadas mediante tira reactiva (TR) y 2 pacientes con proteinuria de Bence Jones (PBJ)>2 g/L. La cuantificación de PT-ur se realizó con ácido sulfosalicílico (SSA) y Bradford (CBB) "in-house"; cloruro de benzetonio (BZT-Roche) y rojo de pirogallol-molibdato (PRM-Wiener)-Hitachi 917. Se realizó uroproteinograma y SDS-PAGE. Los cuatro métodos presentaron correlación significativa (p<0,05) para PT-ur y una comparación de medias estadísticamente no-significativa en todos los niveles de TR. Para TR negativa (PT-ur en rango normal), la P del Ti fue del 33% y del 16% para GTi. En TR 1+/2+, el GTi de mediana selectividad presentó una P del 33%/30% y el GTc de 26%/57%, respectivamente, que se incrementó al 66% para TR 3+, con escasa-selectividad. Las PBJ presentaron valores estables mediante BZT, con diluciones manuales o realizadas por el equipo. La PT-ur mediante los métodos de cuantificación ensayados resultaron comparables y el BZT mostró PT-ur variables en presencia de PBJ dependiendo de la dilución empleada. En todos los niveles de PT-ur fue posible identificar la P de todas las lesiones estructurales con selectividades progresivamente comprometidas.

Gammapatía monoclonal de significado incierto: factores de pronóstico, evolución y riesgo / Monoclonal gammopathy of undeterminaded significance: prognostic factor and risk of progression / Gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado: fatores prognósticos: risco da evolução

La Gammapatía Monoclonal de Significado Incierto (GMSI) tiene una prevalencia que varía entre 1 y 3%, su frecuencia tiende a aumentar con la edad y aunque presentan evolución indolente y una sobrevida prolongada, un porcentaje de ellas desarrollará una enfermedad maligna. Con el objetivo de evaluar el valor pronóstico de diversos parámetros proteicos y hematológicos al momento del diagnóstico, se estudiaron mediante estudios proteicos completos en sangre y en orina, 407 pacientes con diagnóstico de GMSI que ingresaron a la institución en el período comprendido entre 1982 y 2008. La concentración del componente monoclonal (CM) (>1,5 g/dL) y el tipo inmunológico (No IgG), la disminución de las inmunoglobulinas no comprometidas (INC), el porcentaje de infiltración de células plasmáticas en médula ósea (>5%) y la mediana de las relaciones anormales de las cadenas livianas monoclonales libres, fueron los parámetros que marcaron riesgo de progresión a una enfermedad maligna. El estudio proteico completo de orina demostró una asociación entre el aumento en la concentración de proteínas de bajo peso molecular con valores de estimado de filtración glomerular menor de 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 y presencia de proteinuria de Bence Jones, independientemente del tipo de cadena liviana y de los niveles de proteínas totales. Debido a ello, la adición de dichos marcadores de daño tubular podría ofrecer una visión más profunda, siendo su aumento un posible indicador, en la profilaxis renal, de una severa lesión tubular futura. Finalmente, en pacientes con GMSI, los controles de laboratorio deberán ser ajustados en su periodicidad pero no en su contenido. La mayor información así obtenida será lo que permitirá una decisión médica más segura al momento de recomendar la frecuencia del seguimiento del paciente y la consiguiente detección temprana de una evolución maligna de la enfermedad.

Gammapatía monoclonal de significado incierto: factores de pronóstico, evolución y riesgo / Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: prognostic factor and risk of progression / Gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado: fatores prognósticos: risco da evoluþÒo

La Gammapatía Monoclonal de Significado Incierto (GMSI) tiene una prevalencia que varía entre 1 y 3%, su frecuencia tiende a aumentar con la edad y aunque presentan evolución indolente y una sobrevida prolongada, un porcentaje de ellas desarrollará una enfermedad maligna. Con el objetivo de evaluar el valor pronóstico de diversos parámetros proteicos y hematológicos al momento del diagnóstico, se estudiaron mediante estudios proteicos completos en sangre y en orina, 407 pacientes con diagnóstico de GMSI que ingresaron a la institución en el período comprendido entre 1982 y 2008. La concentración del componente monoclonal (CM) (>1,5 g/dL) y el tipo inmunológico (No IgG), la disminución de las inmunoglobulinas no comprometidas (INC), el porcentaje de infiltración de células plasmáticas en médula ósea (>5%) y la mediana de las relaciones anormales de las cadenas livianas monoclonales libres, fueron los parámetros que marcaron riesgo de progresión a una enfermedad maligna. El estudio proteico completo de orina demostró una asociación entre el aumento en la concentración de proteínas de bajo peso molecular con valores de estimado de filtración glomerular menor de 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 y presencia de proteinuria de Bence Jones, independientemente del tipo de cadena liviana y de los niveles de proteínas totales. Debido a ello, la adición de dichos marcadores de daño tubular podría ofrecer una visión más profunda, siendo su aumento un posible indicador, en la profilaxis renal, de una severa lesión tubular futura. Finalmente, en pacientes con GMSI, los controles de laboratorio deberán ser ajustados en su periodicidad pero no en su contenido. La mayor información así obtenida será lo que permitirá una decisión médica más segura al momento de recomendar la frecuencia del seguimiento del paciente y la consiguiente detección temprana de una evolución maligna de la enfermedad.(AU)

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is considered a premalignant state with a stable clinical course, and increased prevalence/risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM) or related malignancy according to age. To evaluate some hematologycal and protein parameters of prognostic value, 407 patients diagnosed as MGUS had been analyzed between 1982 to 2008 by means of complete urine and serum profile. A densitometry spike value (>1.5 g/dL), the monoclonal immunoglobulin class (No-IgG), the reduced concentration of non related immunoglobulin’s, the percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow (>5%) and an abnormal serum kappa/lambda free ratio; marked the increased risk of malignant progression. In urine, the presence of low molecular weight proteins has been associated with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the confirmation of Bence Jones proteinuria, independently of light chain type and the proteinuria level, reflecting a tubular damage. With an in deep view, a urine protein profile should detect an early renal compromise. We concluded that laboratory controls in patients with MGUS should be adjusted by periodicity but not in its content. A clear medical decision for the controls frequency or for establishing a worse outcome should be based on a complete protein profile evaluation.(AU)

A gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado (GMSI) tem uma prevalÛncia variando de 1 a 3%, a sua frequÛncia tende a aumentar com a idade, apesar de apresentarem sobrevivÛncia indolentes e prolongada, uma percentagem de los a desenvolver uma doenþa maligna. A fim de avaliar o valor prognóstico da proteína vários parÔmetros hematológicos e no momento do diagnóstico, foram estudados 407 pacientes com diagnóstico de MGUS que foram internados em nossa instituiþÒo entre 1982 a 2008, com estudos de proteínas completas em sangue e urina. A concentraþÒo do componente monoclonal (CM) (>1,5 g/dL e imunológica (no IgG), diminuiþÒo da imunoglobulina nÒo confirmada (INC), a percentagem de infiltraþÒo de células de plasma na medula óssea (>5%) e mediana de relaþ§es anormais de cadeias leves livres monoclonais, foram os parÔmetros que marcaram risco de progressÒo para malignidade.O estudo de proteína total de urina mostraram que o aumento da concentraþÒo de proteínas de baixo peso molecular associados com valores estimados de filtraþÒo glomerular de menos de 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 e proteinúria Bence Jones, independentemente da cadeia leves e total níveis de proteína. Como resultado, a adiþÒo destes marcadores de dano tubular, pode oferecer um conhecimento mais profundo, e seu aumento um indicador possível para a profilaxia lesÒo tubular renal de futuro grave. Finalmente, em pacientes com GMSI, controles laboratoriais devem ser ajustados em frequÛncia, mas nÒo no conteúdo. A maioria da informaþÒo obtida será permitindo uma decisÒo médica mais segura quando recomendando a frequÛncia da monitorizaþÒo do paciente e, por conseguinte, a detecþÒo precoce de progressÒo maligna da doenþa.(AU)

Proteinuria: lesión estructural renaly comparación de métodos / Proteinuria: renal structural injury and comparison of methods / Proteinúria: lesÒo estrutural renal e comparaþÒo de métodos

La proteinuria (PT-ur) es un marcador de enfermedad renal, sin un método de referencia establecido. Mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE) con tinción argéntica pueden identificarse de manera no-invasiva perfiles proteicos urinarios (PPU) de tipo glomerular (G), tubular (Tc: completos, Ti: incompletos) y mixtos (GTc, GTi) con fines diagnósticos/pronósticos y de evolución. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia (P) de los PPU para cada nivel de PT-ur obtenido con cuatro métodos diferentes, en pacientes con sospecha de lesión renal. Se procesaron 105 orinas de 24 h de recolección clasificadas mediante tira reactiva (TR) y 2 pacientes con proteinuria de Bence Jones (PBJ)>2 g/L. La cuantificación de PT-ur se realizó con ácido sulfosalicílico (SSA) y Bradford (CBB) "in-house"; cloruro de benzetonio (BZT-Roche) y rojo de pirogallol-molibdato (PRM-Wiener)-Hitachi 917. Se realizó uroproteinograma y SDS-PAGE. Los cuatro métodos presentaron correlación significativa (pla P del Ti fue del 33% y del 16% para GTi. En TR 1+/2+, el GTi de mediana selectividad presentó una P del 33%/30% y el GTc de 26%/57%, respectivamente, que se incrementó al 66% para TR 3+, con escasa-selectividad. Las PBJ presentaron valores estables mediante BZT, con diluciones manuales o realizadas por el equipo. La PT-ur mediante los métodos de cuantificación ensayados resultaron comparables y el BZT mostró PT-ur variables en presencia de PBJ dependiendo de la dilución empleada. En todos los niveles de PT-ur fue posible identificar la P de todas las lesiones estructurales con selectividades progresivamente comprometidas.(AU)

Proteinuria (TP-ur) is associated with adverse outcomes. Analytical specificities as well as the calibration of the methods cause considerable variation of TP-ur. SDS-PAGE with silver staining is an excellent single-test for non-invasively diagnosing a complete (cT) or incompleted tubular (iT) and/or glomerular (G) protein profile (PP). In order to establish the prevalence (P) of structural lesions and to compare four TP-ur methods, one hundred and five 24 h urine collection, selected by dipstick urinalysis values (DUV), were analyzed. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250(CBB)/Sulphosalicylic Acid (SSA) (in-house manually developed methods) and benzethonium-chloride(BZT)/ pyrogallol red-molybdate(PRM) (Hitachi-917 analyzer) were employed. Two samples containing >2 g/L of Bence Jones protein (BJP) were assayed. SDS-PAGE and conventional zone electrophoresis (ZE), both stained with the silver stain procedure were developed. The data showed consistency in detecting a P of GiT (16%) and iT (33%) for negative DUV. 1+/2+ DUV presented a P of 33%, 30% for GiT with a partially conserved selectivity, and 26%, 57% of a GcT PP, respectively. In 3+ DUV a GcT PP was 66%, with non-selective profile. Statistically significant correlation coefficients (p2 g/L TP-ur must be performed by diluting the sample to get useful clinical information.(AU)

A proteinúria (PT-ur) é um marcador de doenþa renal, sem um método de referÛncia estabelecido. Através da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) com tinþÒo argÛntea podem ser identificados de maneira nÒo-invasiva perfis proteicos urinários (PPU) de tipo glomerular (G), tubular (Tc: completos, Ti: incompletos) e mistos (GTc, GTi) com fins diagnósticos/prognósticos e de evoluþÒo. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalÛncia (P) dos PPU para cada nível de PT-ur obtido com quatro métodos diferentes, em pacientes com suspeita de lesÒo renal. Foram processadas 105 urinas de 24 h. de coleta classificadas mediante fita reagente (FR) e 2 pacientes com Proteinúria de Bence Jones (PBJ)>2 g/L. A quantificaþÒo de PT-ur foi realizada com ácido sulfossalicílico (SSA) e Bradford (CBB) "in-house"; cloreto de benzet¶nio (BZT-Roche) e vermelho de pirogalol-molibdato (PRM-Wiener)-Hitachi917. Realizou-se uroproteinograma e SDS-PAGE. Os quatro métodos apresentaram correlaþÒo significativa (p< 0,05) para PT-ur e uma comparaþÒo estatisticamente nÒo-significativa de médias em todos os níveis de TR. Para TR negativa (PT-ur em faixa normal), a P do Ti foi de 33% e de 16% para GTi. Em TR 1+/2+, o GTi de média seletividade apresentou uma P de 33%/30% e o GTc de 26%/57%, respectivamente, que aumentou para 66% para TR 3+, com escassa-seletividade. As PBJ apresentaram valores estáveis mediante BZT, com diluiþ§es manuais ou realizadas pela equipe. A PT-ur mediante os métodos de quantificaþÒo ensaiados resultaram comparáveis e o BZT mostrou PT-ur variáveis em presenþa de PBJ dependendo da diluiþÒo utilizada. Em todos os níveis de PT-ur foi possível identificar a P de todas as les§es estruturais com seletividades progressivamente comprometidas.(AU)

Proteinuri: lesión estructural renal y comparación de métodos / Proteinuria: renal structural injury and comparison of methods

La proteinuria (PT-ur) es un marcador de enfermedad renal, sin un método de referencia establecido. Mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE) con tinción argéntica pueden identificarse de manera no-invasiva perfiles proteicos urinarios (PPU) de tipo glomerular (G), tubular (Tc: completos, Ti: incompletos) y mixtos (GTc, GTi) con fines diagnósticos/pronósticos y de evolución. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia (P) de los PPU para cada nivel de PT-ur obtenido con cuatro métodos diferentes, en pacientes con sospecha de lesión renal. Se procesaron 105 orinas de 24 h de recolección clasificadas mediante tira reactiva (TR) y 2 pacientes con proteinuria de Bence Jones (PBJ)>2 g/L. La cuantificación de PT-ur se realizó con ácido sulfosalicílico (SSA) y Bradford (CBB) "in-house"; cloruro de benzetonio (BZT-Roche) y rojo de pirogallol-molibdato (PRM-Wiener)-Hitachi 917. Se realizó uroproteinograma y SDS-PAGE. Los cuatro métodos presentaron correlación significativa (p<0,05) para PT-ur y una comparación de medias estadísticamente no-significativa en todos los niveles de TR. Para TR negativa (PT-ur en rango normal), la P del Ti fue del 33% y del 16% para GTi. En TR 1+/2+, el GTi de mediana selectividad presentó una P del 33%/30% y el GTc de 26%/57%, respectivamente, que se incrementó al 66% para TR 3+, con escasa-selectividad. Las PBJ presentaron valores estables mediante BZT, con diluciones manuales o realizadas por el equipo. La PT-ur mediante los métodos de cuantificación ensayados resultaron comparables y el BZT mostró PT-ur variables en presencia de PBJ dependiendo de la dilución empleada. En todos los niveles de PT-ur fue posible identificar la P de todas las lesiones estructurales con selectividades progresivamente comprometidas.(AU)

Gammapatía monoclonal de significado incierto: factores de pronóstico, evolución y riesgo / Monoclonal gammopathy of undeterminaded significance: prognostic factor and risk of progression

La Gammapatía Monoclonal de Significado Incierto (GMSI) tiene una prevalencia que varía entre 1 y 3%, su frecuencia tiende a aumentar con la edad y aunque presentan evolución indolente y una sobrevida prolongada, un porcentaje de ellas desarrollará una enfermedad maligna. Con el objetivo de evaluar el valor pronóstico de diversos parámetros proteicos y hematológicos al momento del diagnóstico, se estudiaron mediante estudios proteicos completos en sangre y en orina, 407 pacientes con diagnóstico de GMSI que ingresaron a la institución en el período comprendido entre 1982 y 2008. La concentración del componente monoclonal (CM) (>1,5 g/dL) y el tipo inmunológico (No IgG), la disminución de las inmunoglobulinas no comprometidas (INC), el porcentaje de infiltración de células plasmáticas en médula ósea (>5%) y la mediana de las relaciones anormales de las cadenas livianas monoclonales libres, fueron los parámetros que marcaron riesgo de progresión a una enfermedad maligna. El estudio proteico completo de orina demostró una asociación entre el aumento en la concentración de proteínas de bajo peso molecular con valores de estimado de filtración glomerular menor de 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 y presencia de proteinuria de Bence Jones, independientemente del tipo de cadena liviana y de los niveles de proteínas totales. Debido a ello, la adición de dichos marcadores de daño tubular podría ofrecer una visión más profunda, siendo su aumento un posible indicador, en la profilaxis renal, de una severa lesión tubular futura. Finalmente, en pacientes con GMSI, los controles de laboratorio deberán ser ajustados en su periodicidad pero no en su contenido. La mayor información así obtenida será lo que permitirá una decisión médica más segura al momento de recomendar la frecuencia del seguimiento del paciente y la consiguiente detección temprana de una evolución maligna de la enfermedad.(AU)

Serum free light chains and oligoclonal bands in patients with multiple myeloma and autologous stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: To establish stringent complete remission (SCR) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), it is currently recommended to obtain a normal serum free light chains (sFLC) ratio. The appearance of serum oligoclonal bands (OB) after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is considered a favorable prognostic factor. The objective of this study was to examine sFLC for assessing SCR in patients with MM, and ASCT with OB. We also examined how capillary electrophoresis (CE) compares with agarose gel electrophoresis (Aga) in identifying oligoclonal bands. METHODS: Out of 238 patients studied in our institution between April 1992 and December 2008 a serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) was performed by means of CE and sFLC determination on 37 patients with MM in complete remission (CR), ASCT and OB presence were assigned by conventional Aga electrophoresis and IF. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences (SSD) were found when comparing CE vs. Aga, regarding BO visualization in SPE, favoring the latter. In connection with sFLC, the group of patients with an abnormal ratio presented elevated values in the γ-globulin zone of the SPE, whereas the group of patients with a normal ratio of sFLC presented with normal values resulting in SSD between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to perform immunofixation to certify the presence of OB, especially if CE is used as it is difficult to distinguish them using this method. A normal sFLC was observed in most of the patients with OB and normal values of the SPE γ-globulin zone. The above-mentioned information might demonstrate a limitation of sFLC test in SCR evaluation for patients with MM, ASCT and CR if OB has been detected.

Salt-induced downregulation of renal aquaporins is prevented by losartan.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) in the renal tubule of rats fed with a high-salt diet and its modulation by the AT1 receptor blocker losartan. MAIN METHODS: The experiments were performed in four groups of rats fed for 3 weeks with the following diets: regular rat chow (NS); high-salt (8% NaCl) chow (HS), NS plus losartan (NS-L) and HS plus losartan (HS-L). Losartan (40 mg x kg(-1)) was administered in the drinking water. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and renal function were evaluated. The intrarenal levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), TGF-ß(1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), AQP-1 and AQP-2 were determined by immunohistochemistry. AQP-1 and AQP-2 protein levels were measured by western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS: A high-sodium diet downregulated AQP-1 and AQP-2 expression levels in the proximal tubule and collecting duct, respectively. The high-sodium diet also induced Ang II, TGF-ß(1) and α-SMA overexpression and decreased eNOS expression in the renal cortex and medulla. Losartan increased the diuresis and natriuresis, favoring urinary sodium concentration. Additionally, losartan prevented the profibrogenic response, decreasing Ang II, TGF-ß(1) and α-SMA levels and normalizing AQP-2 expression in the HS-L group. AQP-1 expression was upregulated by losartan in both the NS-L and HS-L groups. SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that increased intrarenal Ang II in rats fed with a high-salt diet downregulates renal AQP-1 and AQP-2 expressions. In addition, although losartan increased diuresis and natriuresis, it prevented the downregulation of aquaporins, favoring urinary sodium concentration.

Variabilidad biológica de aldolasa sérica: su utilidad en la interpretación de los resultados / Biological variation of serum aldolase: its use for interpretation of the results / Variabilidade biológica de aldolase sérica: sua utilidade na interpretagáo dos resultados

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la variabilidad biológica (VB) de Aldolasa (ALD) en individuos sanos, el índice de individualidad (II) del analito y evaluar la utilidad del intervalo de referencia poblacional (IRP) considerando al IRP de los analitos útil cuando el II es > 1,4 y de poca utilidad si es <0,6. También se evaluó el valor de referencia para el cambio (VRC) en la interpretación de dos determinaciones seriadas del mismo individuo, especialmente en el seguimiento de enfermedades músculo-esqueléticas en las que los niveles de creatinquinasa (CK) permanecen dentro del intervalo de referencia, mientras que los de ALD están elevados. Se obtuvieron 8 muestras de sangre de 10 individuos aparentemente sanos en días diferentes según protocolo preestablecido. Se determinó la actividad de ALD por método enzimático UV y se calcularon los parámetros de VB, II y VRC. Se obtuvo una VB intraindividual: 31%; VB interindividual: 21%, II 1.47 y VRC 90%. De acuerdo a los coeficientes de VB y el II obtenidos, los IRP son útiles para la interpretación de los resultados de ALD. Un resultado seriado será estadísticamente diferente del dato previo cuando el mismo tenga una diferencia mayor al 90% en relación al valor previo. El VRC entre dos determinaciones seriadas debe ser calculado en cada laboratorio con su propia variabilidad analítica para una correcta interpretación de los resultados.

The aim of this study was to determine the Biological Variation (BV) of Aldolase (ALD) in healthy patients, the individuality index (II) of the analyte and to assess how useful the population reference interval (PRI) is for the interpretation of the results, considering PRI useful when the II is >1.40 and useless when it is <0.6. Reference change values (RCV) were also assessed in the interpretation of two serial measurements of the same individual, specially in the monitoring of patients in which the serum level of Creatine Kinase (CK) remain within the reference range while ALD values are increased. Eight bloodsam-ples were obtained from ten apparently healthy subjects in different days according to a predetermined protocol. ALD activity was measured by an enzymatic UV method and BV, II and RCV were calculated. Intraindividual BV was 31 %, interindividual BV 21 %, II 1.47 and RCV 90%. Based on the results obtained for BV and II, PRIs are useful for the interpretation of ADL results. A serial result will be statistically different from the previous one when the variability between both results is higher than 90%. RCV must be determined in each laboratory using their own analytical variability in order to obtain a correct interpretation of the results.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade biológica (VB) de Aldolase (ALD) em individuos saudáveis, o índice de individualidade (II) do analito e avaliar a utilidade do intervalo de referencia populacional (IRP) considerando o IRP dos analitos útil quando o II é > 1,4 e de pouca utilidade se é <0,6. Também foi avaliado o valor de referencia da variagáo (VRV) na interpretagáo de duas determinagóes seriadas do mesmo individuo, especialmente no seguimento de doengas músculo-esqueléticas nas quais os níveis de creatinoquinase (CK) permanecem dentro do intervalo de referencia, enquanto que os de ALD estáo elevados. Foram obtidas 8 amostras de sangue de 10 individuos aparentemente saudáveis em dias diferentes conforme protocolo preestabelecido. Determinou-se a atividade de ALD por método enzimático UV e se calcularam os parámetros de VB, II e VRC. Foi obtida uma VB intra-individual: 31 %; VB interindividual: 21 %, II 1.47 e VRV 90%. De acordo com os coeficientes de VB e o II obtidos, os IRP sáo úteis para a interpretagáo dos resultados de ALD. Um resultado seriado será estatisticamente diferente do dado prévio quando o mesmo tenha uma diferenga maior a 90% em relagáo ao valor prévio. O VRV entre duas determinagóes seriadas deve ser calculado em cada laboratório com sua própria variabilidade analítica para uma correta interpretagáo dos resultados.

Variabilidad biológica de aldolasa sérica: su utilidad en la interpretación de los resultados / Biological variation of serum aldolase: its use for interpretation of the results / Variabilidade biológica de aldolase sérica: sua utilidade na interpretagáo dos resultados

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la variabilidad biológica (VB) de Aldolasa (ALD) en individuos sanos, el índice de individualidad (II) del analito y evaluar la utilidad del intervalo de referencia poblacional (IRP) considerando al IRP de los analitos útil cuando el II es > 1,4 y de poca utilidad si es <0,6. También se evaluó el valor de referencia para el cambio (VRC) en la interpretación de dos determinaciones seriadas del mismo individuo, especialmente en el seguimiento de enfermedades músculo-esqueléticas en las que los niveles de creatinquinasa (CK) permanecen dentro del intervalo de referencia, mientras que los de ALD están elevados. Se obtuvieron 8 muestras de sangre de 10 individuos aparentemente sanos en días diferentes según protocolo preestablecido. Se determinó la actividad de ALD por método enzimático UV y se calcularon los parámetros de VB, II y VRC. Se obtuvo una VB intraindividual: 31%; VB interindividual: 21%, II 1.47 y VRC 90%. De acuerdo a los coeficientes de VB y el II obtenidos, los IRP son útiles para la interpretación de los resultados de ALD. Un resultado seriado será estadísticamente diferente del dato previo cuando el mismo tenga una diferencia mayor al 90% en relación al valor previo. El VRC entre dos determinaciones seriadas debe ser calculado en cada laboratorio con su propia variabilidad analítica para una correcta interpretación de los resultados.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the Biological Variation (BV) of Aldolase (ALD) in healthy patients, the individuality index (II) of the analyte and to assess how useful the population reference interval (PRI) is for the interpretation of the results, considering PRI useful when the II is >1.40 and useless when it is <0.6. Reference change values (RCV) were also assessed in the interpretation of two serial measurements of the same individual, specially in the monitoring of patients in which the serum level of Creatine Kinase (CK) remain within the reference range while ALD values are increased. Eight bloodsam-ples were obtained from ten apparently healthy subjects in different days according to a predetermined protocol. ALD activity was measured by an enzymatic UV method and BV, II and RCV were calculated. Intraindividual BV was 31 %, interindividual BV 21 %, II 1.47 and RCV 90%. Based on the results obtained for BV and II, PRIs are useful for the interpretation of ADL results. A serial result will be statistically different from the previous one when the variability between both results is higher than 90%. RCV must be determined in each laboratory using their own analytical variability in order to obtain a correct interpretation of the results.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade biológica (VB) de Aldolase (ALD) em individuos saudáveis, o índice de individualidade (II) do analito e avaliar a utilidade do intervalo de referencia populacional (IRP) considerando o IRP dos analitos útil quando o II é > 1,4 e de pouca utilidade se é <0,6. Também foi avaliado o valor de referencia da variagáo (VRV) na interpretagáo de duas determinagóes seriadas do mesmo individuo, especialmente no seguimento de doengas músculo-esqueléticas nas quais os níveis de creatinoquinase (CK) permanecem dentro do intervalo de referencia, enquanto que os de ALD estáo elevados. Foram obtidas 8 amostras de sangue de 10 individuos aparentemente saudáveis em dias diferentes conforme protocolo preestabelecido. Determinou-se a atividade de ALD por método enzimático UV e se calcularam os parámetros de VB, II e VRC. Foi obtida uma VB intra-individual: 31 %; VB interindividual: 21 %, II 1.47 e VRV 90%. De acordo com os coeficientes de VB e o II obtidos, os IRP sáo úteis para a interpretagáo dos resultados de ALD. Um resultado seriado será estatisticamente diferente do dado prévio quando o mesmo tenha uma diferenga maior a 90% em relagáo ao valor prévio. O VRV entre duas determinagóes seriadas deve ser calculado em cada laboratório com sua própria variabilidade analítica para uma correta interpretagáo dos resultados.(AU)

Variabilidad biológica de aldolasa sérica: su utilidad en la interpretación de los resultados / Biological variation of serum aldolase: its use for interpretation of the results / Variabilidade biológica de aldolase sérica: sua utilidade na interpretagáo dos resultados

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la variabilidad biológica (VB) de Aldolasa (ALD) en individuos sanos, el índice de individualidad (II) del analito y evaluar la utilidad del intervalo de referencia poblacional (IRP) considerando al IRP de los analitos útil cuando el II es > 1,4 y de poca utilidad si es <0,6. También se evaluó el valor de referencia para el cambio (VRC) en la interpretación de dos determinaciones seriadas del mismo individuo, especialmente en el seguimiento de enfermedades músculo-esqueléticas en las que los niveles de creatinquinasa (CK) permanecen dentro del intervalo de referencia, mientras que los de ALD están elevados. Se obtuvieron 8 muestras de sangre de 10 individuos aparentemente sanos en días diferentes según protocolo preestablecido. Se determinó la actividad de ALD por método enzimático UV y se calcularon los parámetros de VB, II y VRC. Se obtuvo una VB intraindividual: 31%; VB interindividual: 21%, II 1.47 y VRC 90%. De acuerdo a los coeficientes de VB y el II obtenidos, los IRP son útiles para la interpretación de los resultados de ALD. Un resultado seriado será estadísticamente diferente del dato previo cuando el mismo tenga una diferencia mayor al 90% en relación al valor previo. El VRC entre dos determinaciones seriadas debe ser calculado en cada laboratorio con su propia variabilidad analítica para una correcta interpretación de los resultados.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the Biological Variation (BV) of Aldolase (ALD) in healthy patients, the individuality index (II) of the analyte and to assess how useful the population reference interval (PRI) is for the interpretation of the results, considering PRI useful when the II is >1.40 and useless when it is <0.6. Reference change values (RCV) were also assessed in the interpretation of two serial measurements of the same individual, specially in the monitoring of patients in which the serum level of Creatine Kinase (CK) remain within the reference range while ALD values are increased. Eight bloodsam-ples were obtained from ten apparently healthy subjects in different days according to a predetermined protocol. ALD activity was measured by an enzymatic UV method and BV, II and RCV were calculated. Intraindividual BV was 31 %, interindividual BV 21 %, II 1.47 and RCV 90%. Based on the results obtained for BV and II, PRIs are useful for the interpretation of ADL results. A serial result will be statistically different from the previous one when the variability between both results is higher than 90%. RCV must be determined in each laboratory using their own analytical variability in order to obtain a correct interpretation of the results.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade biológica (VB) de Aldolase (ALD) em individuos saudáveis, o índice de individualidade (II) do analito e avaliar a utilidade do intervalo de referencia populacional (IRP) considerando o IRP dos analitos útil quando o II é > 1,4 e de pouca utilidade se é <0,6. Também foi avaliado o valor de referencia da variagáo (VRV) na interpretagáo de duas determinagóes seriadas do mesmo individuo, especialmente no seguimento de doengas músculo-esqueléticas nas quais os níveis de creatinoquinase (CK) permanecem dentro do intervalo de referencia, enquanto que os de ALD estáo elevados. Foram obtidas 8 amostras de sangue de 10 individuos aparentemente saudáveis em dias diferentes conforme protocolo preestabelecido. Determinou-se a atividade de ALD por método enzimático UV e se calcularam os parámetros de VB, II e VRC. Foi obtida uma VB intra-individual: 31 %; VB interindividual: 21 %, II 1.47 e VRV 90%. De acordo com os coeficientes de VB e o II obtidos, os IRP sáo úteis para a interpretagáo dos resultados de ALD. Um resultado seriado será estatisticamente diferente do dado prévio quando o mesmo tenha uma diferenga maior a 90% em relagáo ao valor prévio. O VRV entre duas determinagóes seriadas deve ser calculado em cada laboratório com sua própria variabilidade analítica para uma correta interpretagáo dos resultados.(AU)